example:
how long is a CLOSED organ pipe that plays A1 = 55 Hz? (note: A1 A4 = 3 octaves)
L = v/4f = (340/220) m = 1.55 = 5 ft
Higher modes of closed pipe:
need pressure NODE at open end
need pressure BELLY at closed end
open end
pressure
closed end for
fundamental
closed end for
second mode
closed end for
third mode
position
along pipe
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